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Original title: What are the advantages of titanium tubes in seawater desalination equipment? In today's society where the water environment is under stress, we are gradually realizing that desalination can alleviate the water situation. So what is desalination equipment? Seawater desalination equipment refers to the equipment specially used to desalinate seawater. Seawater desalination mainly uses two methods to desalinate seawater, namely distillation and reverse osmosis. Titanium tubes in seawater desalination equipment will gradually replace the original copper alloy tubes. Compared with the two, titanium tubes have the following advantages: 1. Under the same operating conditions, the wall thickness of titanium pipe is thinner and the amount of pipe used is less. Generally,Titanium welding pipe, the wall thickness of copper alloy pipe is 0. 9mm-1。 2mm; replaced by titanium tube ? Where corrosion is low, the available wall thickness is 0. 5mm thin-walled tube. And 2,titanium filler rod, the titanium tube has good thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of titanium is 17 W/ (m · K), that of aluminum brass is 100 W/ (m · K), and that of 70/30 cupronickel is 29 W/ (m-k). The thermal conductivity of titanium is the lowest. However, the use of thin-walled titanium tubes, titanium tubing price ,titanium round bar, although the thermal conductivity is worse than that of aluminum brass, is comparable to that of 90/10 cupronickel and better than that of 70/30 cupronickel. And 3, the cost performance of the titanium tube is higher. The price of titanium tube can be compared with that of copper alloy tube. Because of the low density of titanium, the mass of titanium tube with the same length is only 50% of that of copper alloy tube when the wall thickness of titanium tube is the same. When the wall thickness of titanium pipe is 50% of that of Copper alloy tube, the mass of titanium pipe with the same heat transfer area is only 1/4 of that. It can be seen that titanium tubes are competitive in terms of price. And 4, the service life of the titanium tube is longer. Because the seawater is often mixed with sediment and marine organisms, they attach to the heat transfer tube and the tube end, which will erode the copper alloy tube, and the copper alloy will also be corroded by Br- in the seawater. However, in use, the hydrogen introduced from the external environment is called external hydrogen, specifically, active hydrogen atoms are generated on the surface of the metal through the following ways, and then enter the metal: (1) Titanium equipment is placed in a medium containing molecular hydrogen,ti6al4v, such as a high temperature hydrogen atmosphere. (2) Hydrogen produced by general corrosion or local corrosion of titanium is absorbed by titanium. For example, crevice corrosion is often accompanied by hydrogen absorption. (3) Hydrogen produced when titanium and electronegative metals are subject to galvanic corrosion or cathodic protection. The latter two kinds of hydrogen embrittlement caused by electrochemical corrosion of the cathode are more frequent and can occur without high temperature and high pressure, which should be paid more attention to. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original Title: Special Properties of Nitinol Special Properties of Nickel-Titanium Alloy 1. Shape memory characteristics Shape memory is that when the parent phase of a certain shape is cooled from above Af temperature to below Mf temperature to form martensite, the martensite is deformed below Mf temperature, and then heated to below Af temperature, accompanied by reverse phase transformation, the material will automatically restore its shape in the parent phase. In fact, the shape memory effect is a thermally induced phase transformation process in NiTi alloys. 2. Superelastic The so-called superelastic refers to the phenomenon that the sample produces a strain far greater than the elastic limit strain under the action of external force, and the strain can be automatically restored when unloaded. That is to say, in the parent phase state, due to the external stress,titanium exhaust tubing, the stress-induced martensite transformation occurs, so the alloy shows different mechanical behavior from ordinary materials, its elastic limit is far greater than that of ordinary materials,titanium seamless tube, and it no longer obeys Hooke's law. In contrast to shape memory properties, superelasticity is not thermally involved. In a word, hyperelasticity means that the stress does not increase with the increase of strain within a certain range of deformation, and the clinical manifestation is that the orthodontic force generated by the archwire in the process of deformation remains constant and no longer gradually loses with the movement of teeth towards the orthodontic direction. According to the characteristics of the stress-strain curve corresponding to hyperelasticity, hyperelasticity can be divided into two types: linear and nonlinear hyperelastic. In the stress-strain curve of the former, the relationship between stress and strain is nearly linear. Nonlinear hyperelasticity is the result of stress-induced martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation during loading and unloading in a certain temperature range above Af, so nonlinear hyperelasticity is also called phase transformation pseudoelasticity. The phase transformation pseudoelasticity of NiTi alloy can reach about 8%. The superelasticity of nitinol varies with the conditions of heat treatment, nickel titanium wire ,titanium round bar, and begins to decrease when the archwire is heated above 400 oC. When the heat treatment temperature exceeds 600oC, the superelasticity is substantially small. According to this characteristic, the non-orthodontic area of the archwire can be thermally treated to lose its superelasticity in clinic, so as to avoid the influence of the orthodontic process on the teeth in the non-orthodontic area, and the archwire in the orthodontical area still has good elasticity. 3. Sensitivity of temperature change in oral cavity: The orthodontic force of stainless steel wire and CoCr alloy orthodontic wire is basically not affected by the temperature in oral cavity. The orthodontic force of the superelastic NiTi alloy orthodontic wire varies with the oral temperature. When the deformation is constant. The orthodontic force increased with the increase of temperature. On the one hand, it can accelerate the movement of teeth, because the temperature change in the oral cavity will stimulate the blood flow in the blood stasis area caused by the capillary stagnation caused by the orthodontic device, so that the repair cells can be fully nourished during the movement of teeth to maintain their vitality and normal function. On the other hand, orthodontists cannot precisely control or measure the orthodontic force in the oral environment. 4. Corrosion resistance: Studies have shown that the corrosion resistance of nickel-titanium wire is similar to that of stainless steel wire. 5. Toxicity resistance: Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy has a special chemical composition, that is, it is a nickel-titanium alloy containing about 50% nickel, which is known to have carcinogenic and cancer-promoting effects. In general, the surface layer of titanium oxide acts as a barrier, which makes the Ni-Ti alloy have good biocompatibility. TixOy and TixNiOy in the surface layer can inhibit the release of Ni. 6. Gentle orthodontic force: The currently used orthodontic wires include austenitic stainless steel wire, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy wire, nickel-chromium alloy wire, Australian alloy wire, gold alloy wire and nickel-titanium alloy wire. Load-displacement curves for these orthodontic wires under tensile and three-point bending test conditions. Nitinol has the lowest and most flat plateau of the unloading curve, indicating that it provides the most durable and gentle orthodontic force. 7. Good shock absorption characteristics: The greater the vibration of the arch wire caused by chewing and bruxism, the greater the damage to the root and periodontal tissue. Through the study on the attenuation experiment of different archwires, it is found that the vibration amplitude of stainless steel wire is larger than that of superelastic nickel-titanium wire, and the initial vibration amplitude of superelastic nickel-titanium archwire is only half of that of stainless steel wire. The good vibration and shock absorption characteristics of archwires are very important for the health of teeth,titanium sheet grade 5, while traditional archwires, such as stainless steel wires, tend to aggravate root resorption. Contact us Back to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original Title: Application of LARS Ligament Combined with 3D Printed Prosthesis in Reconstruction of Radial Half Wrist Joint after Tumor Resection Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery Ding Hao, Shao Xianhao, Yang Qiang, Li Ka, Li Jianmin, Li Zhenfeng Department of Bone Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University (Jinan 250000) Corresponding author: Li Jianmin, Email: gkljm@163.com; Li Zhenfeng, Email: zhenfengli163@163.com Key words: Distal radius; Bone tumor; LARS ligament; 3D-printed prosthesis; Hemi-wrist reconstruction Citation: Ding Hao, Shao Xianhao, Yang Qiang, et al. Application of LARS Ligament Combined with 3D Printed Prosthesis in Reconstruction of Radial Half Wrist Joint after Tumor Resection. Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery , 2022, 36(7): 822-827. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202202086 Summary Purpose To investigate the effect of LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis on the reconstruction of the radial half wrist joint after distal radius tumor resection. Method From September 2017 to March 2021, the clinical data of 12 patients with distal radius tumor resection combined with LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis for radial half wrist reconstruction were retrospectively analyzed. There were 7 males and 5 females with an average age of 41.8 years (range, 19-63 years). There were 8 cases on the left side and 4 cases on the right side. There were 10 cases of giant cell tumor of bone and 2 cases of osteosarcoma. The course of disease ranged from 1 to 20 months, with an average of 8.1 months. The length of osteotomy, operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded, and the wrist function was evaluated by Mayo score and American Musculoskeletal Oncology Society (MSTS) score before and after operation; The range of motion (ROM) of the wrist joint was measured, including dorsiflexion, flexion, radial deviation and ulnar deviation.Bone ingrowth and osseointegration at the bone-prosthesis interface of the wrist joint were observed by imaging follow-up, and the occurrence of wrist complications was recorded. Result The operation was successfully completed in all 12 patients, with an average osteotomy length of 6. 8 cm (5. 0 to 10. 5 cm), an average operation time of 213. 8 min (180 to 250 min), and an average intraoperative blood loss of 61. 7 mL (30 to 150 mL). All patients were followed up for 11 to 52 months, with an average of 30.8 months. Imaging follow-up showed that bone ingrowth and osseointegration at the bone-prosthesis interface were observed in all patients, and biological fixation was gradually achieved. During the follow-up period, the stability, motor function and range of motion of the wrist joint were good, and there were no complications such as arthritis, subluxation, prosthesis loosening, infection, tumor recurrence and metastasis. Mayo score and MSTS score at the last follow-up were (82.1 ± 5.4) and (27.5 ± 1.5), respectively, which were significantly improved compared with (48.8 ± 13.5) and (16.4 ± 1.4) before operation (t = − 10.761, P < 0.001; t = − 26.600, P < 0.001). The grip strength of the affected side was 59% ~ 88% of that of the healthy side, with an average of 70.5%. Wrist ROM was 55 ° to 80 ° in dorsiflexion (mean 65.42 °), 35 ° to 60 ° in flexion (mean 44.58 °), 10 ° to 25 ° in radial deviation (mean 17.92 °) and 10 ° to 25 ° in ulnar deviation (mean 18.33 °). Conclusion Expand the full text The combined application of LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis is an effective way to reconstruct bone and joint defects after distal radius tumor resection, which can improve wrist function, reduce complications and improve wrist stability. Text Clinically, giant cell tumor of bone is more common in distal radius, and other bone tumors can also invade the site, and the tumor often invades the wrist joint, affecting its function. In order to reduce the possibility of recurrence and improve the prognosis, most of the invasive, benign and malignant tumors of the distal radius need en bloc resection and reconstruction. The traditional reconstruction of radial half wrist joint mostly uses autogenous fibula, which has some disadvantages, including progressive degeneration, wrist instability and long operation time [1-4]. In addition,Titanium welding pipe, the artificial semi-wrist prosthesis is initially used in clinic, but there are also common complications such as wrist subluxation and aseptic loosening, and the instability of surrounding soft tissue support can also lead to the failure of prosthesis implantation [1]. On this basis, further improvement of bone and joint reconstruction conditions around the prosthesis can achieve more reliable biological fixation, improve the survival rate of implants and improve the long-term function of wrist joint. Compared with hip arthroplasty with mature technology and satisfactory results [2,5], hemi-wrist arthroplasty needs to consider individual differences, complex anatomical structure, residual joint capsule reconstruction, solid bone and soft tissue reconstruction to achieve more satisfactory wrist function, so the reconstruction method is more complex [1]. The LARS ligament is an artificial fabric made of polyethylene terephthalate with excellent biocompatibility for cellular and connective tissue ingrowth [3,6]. In previous studies, LARS ligaments have been used for soft tissue reconstruction in limb salvage surgery for humeral, femoral and tibial tumors, which can effectively improve postoperative function [6-9]. In addition, 3D printing prosthesis, as an effective method for repair and reconstruction, has been preliminarily confirmed as a suitable choice for semi-wrist reconstruction after distal radius resection [10-11]. However,titanium bar gr7, there have been no studies on the combined use of LARS ligaments and 3D-printed prostheses for the reconstruction of the distal radial hemi-carpal joint, nor in other appendicular skeletons. Based on this clinical demand, we designed a combined implant of LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis, and carried out preliminary clinical application. The clinical data of 12 patients with distal radius tumor resection combined with LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis for radial half wrist reconstruction from September 2017 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The report is as follows. 1 Clinical data 1.1 General information There were 7 males and 5 females with an average age of 41.8 years (range, 19-63 years). There were 8 cases on the left side and 4 cases on the right side. There were 10 cases of giant cell tumor of bone and 2 cases of osteosarcoma. The course of disease ranged from 1 to 20 months, with an average of 8.1 months. The general information of the patients is detailed in Table 1. 1.2 3D Printed Prosthesis and LARS Ligament Design The 3D-printed prosthesis (Beijing Lidakang Technology Co., Ltd.) consists of three parts, including a custom polymer polyethylene liner, a 3D-printed titanium shaft, and a proximal intramedullary stem. Taking the distal radius of the healthy side of each patient as the design template, combined with the three-dimensional reconstruction data of the affected radius, the distal, ulnar and radial edges of the polyethylene liner were individually designed to achieve the precise matching of the residual radiocarpal joint, distal radioulnar joint and brachioradialis tendon. At the same time, there are prefabricated holes on the edge of the polyethylene liner for the suture and fixation of the surrounding soft tissue and joint capsule, and also provide anchor points for the fixation of LARS ligament before prosthesis implantation. Based on the individual anatomical characteristics of the patient and the area and length of the bone defect, the titanium shaft and the proximal intramedullary stem were customized as a whole, and the titanium particle coating was prepared on the surface of the intramedullary stem, which could better promote bone ingrowth and osseointegration. See Figure 1A. The LARS ligament (LARS, France) is a 40 cm × 6 cm piece of industrial-strength, high-toughness polyester fiber (polyethylene terephthalate), which is tightly sutured to the 3D-printed prosthesis through a prefabricated hole in an appropriate area, so that the LARS ligament tightly wraps the prosthesis (Fig. 1b) to prevent loosening. Fig. 1 Intraoperative application of 3D printing prosthesis and LARS ligament a. 3D printed prosthesis 1: Polyethylene liner 2: 3D printed titanium shaft 3: Proximal intramedullary stem; B. During the operation The LARS ligament was tightly sutured to the prosthesis through a preformed hole. 1.3 Operation method The patient was placed in the supine position under general anesthesia. The distal radial approach was used to dissect the superficial soft tissue. According to the extent and nature of the lesion, part of the radioulnar joint, radiocarpal joint capsule and brachioradialis tendon were carefully preserved, and the pronator quadratus muscle and dorsal extensor tendon were preserved as far as possible. According to the preoperative imaging examination, the lesion was resected within a safe range and the proximal radius was osteotomized. The radius was reamed, the prosthesis was installed, the 3D printed prosthesis wrapped with LARS ligament was used to repair bone and soft tissue defects, and the wrist joint capsule, ulnar-radial joint capsule and brachioradialis tendon were tightly sutured with the prefabricated holes around the prosthesis properly, firmly and accurately to ensure its multi-directional stability. Prevent displacement of the surrounding soft tissue relative to the LRAS ligament and prosthesis, and the LARS ligament relative to the prosthesis, while reducing potential dead space. The proximal intramedullary stem was fixed with bone cement or biological fixation according to the specific situation. After all steps were completed, radiographs were performed to ensure satisfactory implant placement. 1.4 Postoperative treatment and follow-up index The wrist was fixed in the hyperextension position for 14 to 21 days after the operation. After the brace was removed, the patient was advised to perform multidirectional exercises, including dorsiflexion, 3d titanium wire ,titanium tubing price, palmar flexion, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, and rotation. The length of osteotomy, operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. Radiological follow-up was performed every month in the first 3 months and every 3 months thereafter to observe the bone ingrowth and osseointegration at the bone-prosthesis interface of the wrist. Before and after the operation, Mayo wrist function score and American Musculoskeletal Oncology Society (MSTS) score were used to evaluate the wrist function after reconstruction from pain, activity and other aspects [12-13]. The grip strength of the affected limb was expressed as a percentage of the grip strength of the healthy upper limb, and the range of motion (ROM) of the wrist joint was measured, including dorsiflexion, flexion, radial deviation and ulnar deviation; the occurrence of wrist complications was recorded [3,14]. 1.5 Statistical methods All data were analyzed by SPSS23.0 statistical software. The measurement data were subjected to normality test and were in line with normal distribution. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and paired t test was used for comparison before and after operation; the test level was α = 0.05. 2 Result The osteotomy length was 5. 0 to 10. 5 cm, with an average of 6. 8 cm; the operation time was 180 to 250 min, with an average of 213. 8 min; and the intraoperative blood loss was 30 to 150 mL, with a mean of 61. 7 mL. All patients were followed up for 11 to 52 months, with an average of 30.8 months. Imaging follow-up showed that bone ingrowth and osseointegration at the bone-prosthesis interface were observed in all patients, and biological fixation was gradually achieved. During the follow-up period, the stability, motor function and range of motion of the wrist joint were good, and there were no complications such as arthritis, subluxation, prosthesis loosening, infection, tumor recurrence and metastasis. At the last follow-up, the Mayo score and MSTS score were (82.1 ± 5.4) and (27.5 ± 1.5), respectively, which were significantly improved compared with (48.8 ± 13.5) and (16.4 ± 1.4) before operation, and the difference was statistically significant (t = − 10.761, P < 0.001; t=−26.600，P<0.001）。 The grip strength of the affected side was 59% ~ 88% of that of the healthy side, with an average of 70.5%. Wrist ROM was 55 ° to 80 ° in dorsiflexion (mean 65.42 °), 35 ° to 60 ° in flexion (mean 44.58 °), 10 ° to 25 ° in radial deviation (mean 17.92 °) and 10 ° to 25 ° in ulnar deviation (mean 18.33 °). See Table 1 and Figure 2. Fig. 2 Patient, female, 33 years old, giant cell tumor of left distal radius a. Preoperative X-ray film; B. Intraoperative tumor resection and prosthesis installation ；c、d. Postoperative immediate AP and lateral position X-ray film showed that the prosthesis implantation was satisfactory; e, f. Postoperative At 7 months, anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films showed bone ingrowth and osseointegration; G ~ J. Postoperative Wrist function at 11 months 3 Discussion 3.1 Limitations of previous methods for reconstruction of the radial half of the wrist With the development of comprehensive treatment and surgical techniques, the prognosis of patients with bone tumors has been significantly improved. On this basis, how to shorten the operation time, reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and obtain better limb function has become an urgent problem to be solved. Complications such as articular cartilage degeneration, separation of the distal radioulnar joint, and nonunion often occur when using traditional fibular autograft to reconstruct the hemi-wrist joint after resection of a bone tumor in the distal radius [3-4, 15-16]. As a new type of implant, 3D printing prosthesis has been initially applied to the repair and reconstruction of bone and joint defects after tumor resection in extremities [17-18]. Wang et al. [10] pointed out that the application of 3D printing prosthesis for semi-wrist reconstruction after resection of giant cell tumor of distal radius has irreplaceable advantages in improving wrist function. Firstly, the matching polyethylene liner was made according to the contralateral radius, and the shape was anastomosed; secondly, the medullary cavity of the radial shaft was matched with the customized prosthesis stem, which could avoid the rotation of the prosthesis during implantation; thirdly, there were 7 to 8 small holes on the distal edge of the prosthesis, which provided enough space and anchor points for joint and soft tissue reconstruction. However, if there is no reliable soft tissue ingrowth to provide sufficient fixation strength for 3D printing prosthesis reconstruction, complications such as subluxation and aseptic loosening may also occur [6,8]. Wang et al. [10] observed 3 cases (20%) of wrist subluxation and 3 cases (20%) of distal radioulnar joint separation. Covering the prosthesis with biocompatible materials to improve the stability of soft tissue is one of the feasible improvement methods. Synthetic mesh, including synthetic tube, LARS ligament and other types, is mainly used to wrap and cover the prosthesis in a tubular manner, which has been applied in the resection of proximal humeral tumors and prosthesis reconstruction, and the improvement of shoulder function after surgery has also been preliminarily confirmed [8]. LARS ligament can reconstruct the joint capsule, improve joint stability, enhance soft tissue strength, reduce dislocation rate, and enable patients to obtain better limb function and greater range of motion [7-9]. The above views provide justification and feasibility for the use of LARS ligaments in this study. In the functional reconstruction of wrist joint, although one case of autogenous fibular graft wrapped with synthetic mesh has been reported in the literature, and the results show that positive progress has been made in preventing postoperative wrist dislocation [19], the research on the use of synthetic mesh in distal radius tumor resection and semi-wrist joint reconstruction is still very limited. 3.2 Advantages of combined reconstruction of LARS ligaments and 3D-printed prostheses Compared with other reconstruction methods, the application of LARS ligament in this study significantly enhanced the stability of prosthesis, joint capsule and surrounding soft tissue, greatly promoted the improvement of wrist function after operation, and effectively reduced the occurrence of complications. Specifically, through the suture of the residual radiocarpal joint capsule, the residual radioulnar joint capsule and the brachioradialis tendon, the structural stability of the distal, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral soft tissues was enhanced respectively, while the soft tissues around the lesion were tightly sutured with the LARS ligament and the prosthesis from the distal to the proximal end to form a tightly integrated soft tissue package. Potential differences in soft tissue stability in different orientations are reduced and the likelihood of soft tissue loosening relative to the prosthesis is reduced. In addition, the customized polyethylene liner perfectly matches the residual articular surface of each patient, avoiding the complications of wrist dislocation and subluxation after traditional reconstruction methods. The polyethylene liner and the preformed hole in the distal titanium shaft can not only be used to precisely suture the residual soft tissue on the prosthesis during the operation, but also help to firmly integrate the LARS ligament with the 3D-printed prosthesis before the operation, and also provide a simple and effective anchor point for soft tissue ingrowth. The application of 3D titanium coating on the intramedullary stem provides the interface conditions of biostimulation and microporous structure, which can effectively promote bone ingrowth and osseointegration, thus effectively reducing the occurrence of nonunion and delayed union of the implant. In this study, bone ingrowth was observed at the proximal bone-prosthesis interface to facilitate biofixation. Based on the advantages of fully wrapped structure, tight suture and combination of bone and soft tissue, this study has achieved satisfactory clinical results in wrist function and complication rate after operation. Mayo score and MSTS score after operation are (82.1 ± 5.4) and (27.5 ± 1.5) respectively. It is similar to or even better than the prognosis results reported in the literature (Mayo score and MSTS score are 71.0 and 24.5, respectively [10-11]), which also verifies the advantages of 3D printing prosthesis in bone tumor defect reconstruction. Compared with traditional reconstruction methods, the combination of LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis can achieve better joint stability and motor function through the close combination of joint capsule and surrounding soft tissue and personalized reconstruction of wrist joint. The combination of temporary fixation and functional exercise in the early stage after operation is beneficial to the regeneration of soft tissue. Patients are usually immobilized in hyperextension because volar flexion forces are generally stronger and volar subluxations are more common [1,3]. Postoperative functional exercise should be combined with multi-directional exercise, including dorsiflexion, flexion, radial deviation, ulnar deviation and rotation, in order to promote the multi-directional synchronous improvement of wrist range of motion. According to the different methods of prosthesis fixation, there are differences in the range of postoperative exercise between patients with bone cement fixation and patients with biological fixation. The range of exercise in patients with biological fixation is usually more limited, which leads to the relatively poor long-term wrist function. Due to the small number of patients, no statistical analysis was performed in this study. 3.3 Limitations This study has the following limitations. First, due to the small number of patients with distal radius tumors and the short duration of combined application of LARS ligament and 3D-printed prosthesis, the number of patients participating in this study is limited, and a multi-center, large-scale and long-term study is needed as a new reconstruction method. Secondly, this study lacks comparative studies with other semi-wrist reconstruction methods, such as autogenous fibular graft reconstruction and simple 3D printing prosthesis reconstruction. Third, because of the complexity of the reconstruction method, surgeons with skilled operation skills are required to perform intraoperative suture reconstruction. Fourthly, the patients were clearly informed of the characteristics of the combined reconstruction method of LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis before operation, which led to the selection bias. To sum up, compared with the traditional semi-wrist reconstruction method, the combination of LARS ligament and 3D printing prosthesis has achieved better postoperative function and reduced the incidence of complications. This satisfactory preliminary result may be attributed to the advantages of LARS ligaments and 3D-printed prostheses in reconstructing bone and joint defects and the application of special surgical techniques. This novel and effective modality of reconstruction for patients with bone and joint defects caused by aggressive tumors of the distal radius may broadly improve the overall outcome and deserves further exploration. References: omitted This article cover picture originates from the network, the invasion deletes. CJRRS Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery This article is reprinted from other websites and does not represent the views and positions of the health community. If there is any copyright objection to the content and pictures, please contact us in time (email: guikequan@hmkx.cn) and return to Sohu to see more. Responsible Editor: (function() { function getBrandHtml() { var brands = [],ti6al4v eli, html = ''; for(var i = 0; i < brands.length; i++) { var brand = brands; if(brands.length i+1) { html+= ''+brand.name+''; } else { html+= ''+brand.name+'、'; } } return html; }; if(document.getElementById('linkBtn')){ document.getElementById('linkBtn').onclick = function() { $('#brands').removeClass('brand');$ ( '# tipInfo').text ( 'Real name responded'); $ ('#linkBtn').remove();$ ('.real-response .content').css('line-height', '20px');$ ('.real-response .time').css('line-height', '20px'); }; document.getElementById('brands').innerHTML = getBrandHtml(); }; })();。 yunchtitanium.com

Original title: Top watches are also made of titanium! Let's take a look at its advantages. Top watches are also made of titanium! Let's take a look at its advantages. There are not many accessories on the body, and a beautiful wristwatch will be a good accessory. Moreover, in summer, we are always energetic, and wearing sports watches is in line with the atmosphere of this season. In addition, in terms of reality, it is easy to sweat in summer, and sports watches are often matched with metal chains or rubber watchbands, which do not need to worry about the problem of sweat stains on watches. Common sports watch materials, such as stainless steel and titanium, are durable and tough, so people need not worry too much when wearing them. At present, the mainstream material of sports watches is still stainless steel, but some high-end watch brands will also introduce some precious metal sports watches, but these valuable precious metal watches are actually more like formal watches with the appearance of sports watches, few people are willing to wear such valuable K gold sports watches to participate in some leisure activities. The metals that can be used as watch materials are stainless steel, ceramics, 18K gold, platinum, tungsten steel, and even Richard Mille RM056 series watches with sapphire glass case. Using these materials to make watch cases is also the good attributes that watch manufacturers value these materials, such as ceramics are very wear-resistant, gold is expensive and so on. Vacheron Constantin Ref. 7910V/000T watch made of titanium alloy In addition to the above materials, titanium is also a well-known material for sports watches. However, compared with stainless steel, titanium has a relatively late history in the field of watchmaking. It was probably in the 1970s and 1980s that watch brands began to use this kind of material to make watches. Let's first understand what kind of material titanium is. For many friends, titanium is a very novel material, is the "space age" metal, not only by the aerospace, aviation industry as a guest of honor. It is embodied in civil medical equipment and sports watches. The metal was invented in 1971 by a British amateur scientist named William George, when he analyzed sand from Cornwall and found some "reddish-brown mineral ash" that he could not identify. Four years later, an Austrian chemist confirmed Martin Heinrich Klaproth that George had indeed discovered a new element. Klaproth named the new element "titanium.". However, the development of industrial applications for titanium alloys is relatively new. Wilhelm Kroll from Luxembourg is considered the father of the modern titanium industry. During the 1930s, Kroll developed a method of working titanium, which was improved during the 1940s and is still in use today. The emergence of the titanium metal industry coincides with the requirements of the rise of the aviation industry, and it is the most ideal material for building jet aircraft. Before the mid-1970s, more than 85% of the titanium produced was used in the aerospace industry. Titanium's unique properties: half the density of steel, excellent strength retention (to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit), and much higher resistance to environmental corrosion than other metals. This makes it ideal for the construction of engines and aircraft frames for jet aircraft, rockets and spacecraft. Since the 1970s, the price of titanium factory products has been falling, which makes titanium widely used in all walks of life. The most common compound is titanium oxide, which is often used in the production of pigments, paints, paper, plastics, glass, and pottery. Gemstone craftsmen should be interested to know that the "stars" of star ruby and sapphire crystal are all due to the existence of titanium oxide. Naval architects also appreciate titanium's superior resistance to corrosion by saline, so it is used to make propellers, shafts, and other parts. The Navy also uses it on submarines. Expand the full text Titanium is not a rare metal, titanium bar grade 5 , and it ranks ninth in the Earth's crust. The supply of titanium ore can be maintained for at least 10,000 years. It has been found in meteorites, moon rocks, the sun and other planets. However, the titanium extraction process is relatively slow and costly, which makes it expensive. For many years, high prices have limited the use of titanium in military and aerospace applications. In the field of watchmaking, titanium is lighter and more corrosion-resistant than stainless steel watches. The main advantages of titanium alloys over steel are their low density and high corrosion resistance; metals and platinum for white metal watches are now hot. The number of titanium watches is not much compared to steel watches, but we are seeing more and more titanium watches than ever before. Titanium has a number of properties that make it of great industrial and commercial interest: -Hardness: titanium is 30% harder than steel; -Lightweight: Titanium weighs 47.90 atoms, which is nearly 50% lighter than steel; -Corrosion resistance: When titanium is exposed to air, a dense and strong oxide film is formed on its surface, which resists the attack of different substances on other metals. It is particularly effective in the erosion of saline. Nowadays, the popularity of titanium watches is getting higher and higher, and there are more detailed classifications, for example, the titanium metal commonly used in watchmaking can be roughly divided into grade 2 titanium metal and grade 5 titanium metal, grade 2 titanium metal characteristics such as light weight and corrosion resistance, but the strength of grade 5 titanium metal is stronger (6% aluminum and 4% vanadium in the composition). However, because it is not easy to make, watches made of grade 5 titanium are usually a little more expensive. When it comes to titanium, we often think of its lightweight characteristics first, but in fact, besides being lighter than stainless steel, titanium has other characteristics that are quite suitable for watchmaking. 1. Light and full Generally speaking, the density of titanium is lower than that of stainless steel (the density of the former is about 4.5g/cm3, while that of the latter is 8g/cm3), in other words, titanium is lighter than stainless steel, and this difference is more obvious in diving watches with relatively thick cases, such as Pelagos and Rolex. They weigh 157 grams and 212 grams respectively, with a difference of more than 50 grams, and you can feel the lightweight advantages of titanium on your hands. 2. High compression resistance and strength The weight and density of titanium metal are lighter and lower than those of stainless steel, but taking grade 5 titanium metal as an example, its strength can reach 1000 MPa, which is five times that of stainless steel. Therefore, for example, the aerospace and aviation industries often use a large number of titanium metals as the main materials for making rockets and aircraft. In addition, the Vickers hardness of titanium is generally about 350HV, while the hardness of stainless steel is about 150 ~ 200 HV, which shows that the strength of titanium is also relatively high. 3. Skin-friendly Some people may be allergic to the nickel in stainless steel, but titanium does not contain nickel, so it will not cause allergic reactions to the wearer-the natural oxide layer on the surface of titanium is not easy to cause allergies, so it is more comfortable to wear. 4. Corrosion resistance Although today, science has improved the corrosion resistance of stainless steel a lot. But the inherent corrosion resistance of titanium is even better. If you want to corrode titanium, unless you soak the watch in strong acids such as nitric acid, it is basically so ugly that titanium will rust. So we often see diving watches advertised to be made of titanium, because even if you are exposed to high salt water for a long time, titanium watches will not be in danger of corrosion. 5. Low thermal conductivity The thermal conductivity of metal doesn't seem to have much relevance to our wear on the surface, but we can imagine two situations: the cold moment when we wear a watch with a metal chain on our wrist on a winter morning, or the hot sensation when a watch is suddenly worn on our wrist in high temperature. At this time, titanium metal is not easy to appear too cold or too hot, which is the advantage of lower thermal conductivity. In the range of mechanical watches with low prices such as thousands of pieces, stainless steel watches are usually the world. In this price, few brands use titanium to make watch cases, but if the budget rises to the price of 10000 yuan,titanium bar gr5, the style of titanium watches will become more abundant. Therefore, if the price is similar, the above points are listed. It may be the decisive point in deciding whether you want to choose a titanium or stainless steel watch. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original title: a quick method to calculate the sag of conductor! (Conscience Edition) Part1 Apprentice On a certain day in a certain month in a certain year, Anyway, when I was an apprentice, Go to the construction site with the old comrades of the unit. The owner asked us to estimate the conductor sag of a certain gear. The old Comrade took out his calculator. After pressing a few times, He said the answer confidently. I was shocked at that time! In my perception, Isn't calculating the sag of a conductor supposed to be like this? Expand the full text Such a complicated formula, Shouldn't we use software to calculate? How can you figure it out with a calculator? After the meeting,titanium round bar, I consulted the old comrades. The old Comrade just said to me lightly: "Multiply the span squared by 7" Me: That's it? Old Comrade: This is it! I know that asking too many questions will expose my ignorance. So I didn't ask. In the dead of night, I opened the book secretly. I hope I can find the answer from the book. Part2 Sag Curve Template Finally, On page 216 of Overhead Transmission Line Design, I seem to have found the answer! Draw the key points! In the past,titanium exhaust tubing, when there were no computers and no Dao Heng, The sagging curve of the plane section is drawn by hand. For ease of drawing, The designer defines the K value of the sag template, Use this value to make a sag template! Universal sag template And the value of K is: Combined with the maximum sag calculation formula: At the same time, the height difference of the hanging point is ignored (cosβ = 1). In other words: The calculation of the original sag is really: The square of the span multiplied by a value! Getting closer to the truth! Part3 Plan section Why is K equal to 7? Why not equal to 3, Titanium 6Al4V wire ,3d titanium wire, equal to 10, equal to 20? This is a problem! Wait! This K seems to have been seen somewhere. Right! Plane section!!! Bottom line: Original The K value can be output in the plane section diagram output by Dao Heng, However, his K value is slightly different from that in the textbook. But (in fact, Dao Heng has an option to choose): Namely: Next, let's test whether our reasoning is correct: As shown in the figure above, the span is 336m and K = 7.8891 Thus: f (sag) = 336 × 336 × 7.8891 × 10-5 =8.9 ！！！ The result is consistent with that of the plane section drawing! In short, let's divide the sag calculation formula into two parts, one is the K value of the sag template, and the other is the square of the span. Sag is calculated by multiplying the value of K by the square of the span. The K value can be queried in the plane section view. Part4 Regularity If the K value is often inquired through the plane section, First, it is possible that the project has not yet produced a plane section in the early stage. Second, it is inconvenient to carry inquiries with you. In fact, the value of K has a general range and law. If it is only a rough estimate, It's perfectly adequate. According to the query summary of the editor, The following rules are obtained: 1) The K value is independent of the power level. 2) The value of K has little to do with the type of conductor. 3) The icing affects the K value, and the larger the icing is, the larger the K value is. 4) The safety factor affects the K value, and the greater the safety factor, the greater the K value. In particular,ti6al4v eli, the K value of the steel pipe pole line is very large. Sum up 1) General line K = 7 ~ 9 General line refers to: Conventional conductor, no icing, normal setting out (safety factor 2.5 ~ 3.0) 2) Iced line K ≈ 12 3) Steel pipe pole line K ≈ about 20 Source: Power Transmission Interesting Forum Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original Title: "Nine Advantages" of Titanium What is titanium? Titanium is a metal that is completely non-toxic to the human body. It is the top aerospace material that can adapt to the harsh conditions of outer space. It is also a medical device material that can be safely implanted into the human body as a part of the body. The character of titanium Studies have shown that the vast majority of consumers believe that titanium feels closer to the sense of security, quality and magnificence that large luxury SUVs bring us. At the same time, it has the toughness, stability and reliability of SUV. Titanium is a kind of metal with character, it has a low-key but unique, luxurious temperament, vitality, agility,titanium plate gr7, tenacity, integrity, current affairs, conform to the trend of development,titanium plate gr7, indomitable, strong survival ability. Titanium is like this, light as aluminum, hard as steel, health and environmental protection, acid and alkali resistance, 6al4v titanium bar ,titanium sheet grade 5, never rust! Titanium does not contain harmful heavy metals, is non-toxic and has good compatibility with human tissues and blood, and can be implanted into the human body in the medical field. Titanium is the closest metal to the human body. Titanium is a non-magnetic metal and will not be magnetized. Expand the full text Pure titanium is mainly composed of more than 99.9% Ti and other trace elements such as Fe, C, N, H, O, etc. These ingredients are not harmful to human body, titanium materials will not pollute our land and air environment, titanium is far away from the pollution of heavy metals and toxic chemicals. Titanium has the function of bacteriostasis. Titanium containers can inhibit the growth of bacteria. Harmful bacteria will die quickly in titanium environment. Only titanium products in daily life can do this. The density of titanium metal is 4.51g/cm ² 3;, which is higher than that of aluminum (2.8g/cm ² 3;) and lower than that of steel (7.9g/cm ³ 3;). The weight of titanium metal products is lighter than other metal products with the same volume. Titanium can be placed in the deep sea for a long time without rusting. Titanium is very stable in many media, such as titanium in strong acid and alkali solution, can not be corroded. Because the oxygen content of titanium in the air and the surface of titanium will form a layer of dense and strong titanium dioxide, which protects the titanium body from corrosion. Even after wear and tear, it will quickly heal itself and regenerate. The melting point of titanium is 1668 ℃, and titanium metal can be used for a long time at a high temperature of 600 ℃ without fatigue, and titanium cookers are not easy to deform after high temperature open fire cooking. The strength of titanium increases with decreasing temperature. Good ductility and toughness can be maintained at the low temperature of -253 ℃ to avoid cold brittleness of the metal. Titanium will not feel cold in the low temperature environment. Titanium is known as the warm metal for low temperature operation. Titanium has high tensile/yield strength, so that the resilience of titanium during molding is high, and the rigidity of products after molding is also high. Titanium is not easy to deform after molding. In the same volume of metal products, the strength of titanium products ranks first among metals. The high strength of titanium products has never been surpassed. The wall thickness of titanium products is the thinnest in metal utensils. The surface of titanium is not easy to scale, which can reduce the thermal resistance and significantly improve the heat exchange performance of titanium. When the bottom of the titanium pot is heated, the heat will be quickly transferred to the pot through the bottom of the pot,ti6al4v, and the left and right conduction will be very slow, so the temperature of the handle of the titanium pot will be very low, and the heating in the pot is very fast. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original title: How much do you know about such a great nickel-titanium alloy? NiTi alloy is a kind of shape memory alloy. Shape memory alloy is a special alloy which can automatically restore its original shape at a specific temperature after plastic deformation. Its expansion ratio is more than 20%, its fatigue life is up to the seventh power of 1 × 10, its damping characteristic is 10 times higher than that of ordinary springs, and its corrosion resistance is superior to that of the best medical stainless steel at present, so it can meet the needs of various engineering and medical applications, and it is a very excellent functional material. In addition to the unique shape memory function, shape memory alloy also has the excellent characteristics of wear resistance,Titanium 6Al4V wire, corrosion resistance, high damping and superelasticity. Now, let's summarize the seven special properties of nickel-titanium alloys: 1. Shape memory characteristics: Shape memory is that when the parent phase of a certain shape is cooled from above Af temperature to below Mf temperature to form martensite, the martensite is deformed below Mf temperature,titanium filler rod, and then heated to below Af temperature, accompanied by reverse phase transformation, the material will automatically restore its shape in the parent phase. In fact, the shape memory effect is a thermally induced phase transformation process in NiTi alloys. 2. Hyperelasticity: The so-called hyperelasticity refers to the phenomenon that the sample produces a strain far greater than the elastic limit strain under the action of external force, and the strain can be automatically restored when unloaded. That is to say, nickel titanium wire ,titanium tubing price, in the parent phase state, due to the external stress, the stress-induced martensite transformation occurs, so the alloy shows different mechanical behavior from ordinary materials, its elastic limit is far greater than that of ordinary materials, and it no longer obeys Hooke's law. Expand the full text 3. Corrosion resistance: Studies have shown that the corrosion resistance of nickel-titanium wire is similar to that of stainless steel wire. 4. Sensitivity of temperature change in oral cavity: The orthodontic force of stainless steel wire and CoCr alloy orthodontic wire is basically not affected by the temperature in oral cavity. The orthodontic force of the superelastic NiTi alloy orthodontic wire varies with the oral temperature. When the amount of deformation is constant. The orthodontic force increased with the increase of temperature. On the one hand, it can accelerate the movement of teeth, because the temperature change in the oral cavity will stimulate the blood flow in the blood stasis area caused by the capillary stagnation of the orthodontic device, so that the repair cells can be fully nourished during the movement of teeth to maintain their vitality and normal function. On the other hand, orthodontists cannot precisely control or measure the orthodontic force in the oral environment. 5. Toxicity resistance: In general, the surface layer of titanium oxidation acts as a barrier, making the Ni-Ti alloy have good biocompatibility. TixOy and TixNiOy in the surface layer can inhibit the release of Ni. 6. Gentle orthodontic force: Currently, commercially available orthodontic wires include austenitic stainless steel wires, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy wires, nickel-chromium alloy wires, Australian alloy wires and titanium alloy wires. Load-displacement curves for these orthodontic wires under tensile and three-point bending test conditions. Nitinol has the lowest and most flat plateau of the unloading curve, indicating that it provides the most durable and gentle orthodontic force. 7. Good shock absorption characteristics: The greater the vibration of the arch wire caused by chewing and bruxism, the greater the damage to the root and periodontal tissue. Through the study on the attenuation experiment of different archwires, it is found that the vibration amplitude of stainless steel wire is larger than that of superelastic nickel-titanium wire, and the initial vibration amplitude of superelastic nickel-titanium archwire is only half of that of stainless steel wire. The good vibration and shock absorption characteristics of archwires are very important for the health of teeth,nickel titanium wire, while traditional archwires, such as stainless steel wires, tend to aggravate root resorption. Global integrated service provider in the field of shape memory alloy temperature control Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. yunchtitanium.com

Original Title: Designer Recruitment | This Mysterious Plan Could Make Your Fashion Week Trip a Year Faster! From the first draft to ready-to-wear, behind every well-designed work, fabrics are always the first step for designers! Do you want to make any good clothes without good fabrics? After all, I have been more than once "educated" by the fashion sisters around me to buy such expensive clothes because of the good fabric! Estimate That's why people love fashion house brands so much. In fact, it is not difficult for girls who pay attention to fashion week to find that besides design, more and more designers are beginning to put their minds on fabrics. Want to distinguish the quality of a garment, fabric is absolutely the first focus of attention! Just like Louis Vuitton's 2018 haute couture collection, from delicate embroidery to the use of satin in ready-to-wear, fabrics almost "illuminate" the whole collection. Expand the full text Louis Vuitton Spring/Summer 2018 Haute Couture Collection This year's favorite is the CALVIN KLEIN!, currently run by RAF SIMONS! In the brand's spring/summer 2018 ready-to-wear collection, RAF SIMONS used the "slippery" satin on shirts and trousers, which was really fascinating. CALVIN KLEIN Spring/Summer 2018 Haute Couture Collection In addition to satin, the use of other fabrics such as bright leather and jeans also makes the whole series fully diversified! And isn't that the importance of fabric? CALVIN KLEIN Spring/Summer 2018 Haute Couture Collection When it comes to using fabrics, how can I miss my goddess, Rei Kawakubo! Comme des Gar Garçons Spring/Summer 2018 ready-to-wear collection shows you what's wrong with complex fabrics and complex designs! Maybe she just doesn't want her design to be so simple, because her fabrics are so advanced. Comme des Gar Garçons Spring/Summer 2018 Haute Couture Of course, I know you must be very confused now, these advanced fabrics that can go to fashion week, no matter how powerful they are, we can't touch them. Even for many domestic designers, they don't know how many times they can be used. But I just want to say, in fact, these high-grade fabrics, you all have the opportunity to get now! Why do you say that? Then I'm probably going to tell you a story. In fact, we now attach importance to fabrics, as early as 20 years ago, a person noticed! She is also the founder of our main character today, VEGA-Marie! As a student studying in France, tailor measure tape , Marie was attracted by European design early, and what surprised her more was not only the design, but also the high-grade fabrics which were very rare in China at that time. It is for this reason that Marie began to understand the source of high-grade fabrics behind various luxury goods, including Hermes, through various channels. In fact, she wants more Chinese designers to use these high-grade fabrics from Europe to design their own ready-made clothes! Marie also found that young Chinese designers are not without talent, the problem is that there are no higher quality fabrics to add luster to their designs. That's why Marie and her partner created VEGA, a platform full of European haute couture fabrics! VEGA has almost fulfilled the dream of all young designers nowadays. With 20 years of European fashion fabric background, VEGA has prepared more than 50 high-grade fabrics for designers with so many years of experience, ranging from the top fashion fabrics in France to Italy and Portugal, whether they are sports materials or new environmentally friendly fabrics! It means that you can almost buy high-grade fabrics that you can't even imagine on it! Of course, this is also done to make it easier for designers to choose the fabric they want quickly, so as to make a more perfect design. And.. It's cheaper ！ Is there anything more convenient than buying together and using as much as possible? Soooo, do you know anything about VEGA? If you don't understand it, go back and watch it again! And now, right now, there is a better opportunity waiting for you, you young designers who have the chance to walk on the stage of fashion week! VEGA's "Structure · Light Luxury" Fashion Design Competition has officially begun to recruit participants. Let me start by saying that the prizes are really rich! Even if I am not a designer, I want to sign up immediately after reading it! Secondly, VEGA has made great efforts to do this this time-not only extending the recruitment cycle to January 31, but also explaining the competition and displaying imported fabrics in its Showroom. I'd like to go. Even opened a "concert tour" across the country! In fact, it is a nationwide tour to recruit contestants, which shows their intentions. So, aren't you ready to take action? Aren't you going to design with high-grade fabrics and then take 100,000 yuan home! About this competition, you can also click on the following video to learn about it. Finally, girls who are interested in the fashion design contest, scan the QR code below to learn more about the contest and sign up for it. For this competition, VEGA also prepared a small gift for the girls-a beautiful custom tape measure! Just leave a message telling me why you want to participate in the VEGA Fashion Design Contest, and we'll pick out five lucky fans and give them custom tape measures provided by VEGA. Take this tape measure to the competition, and you will probably get 100,000 yuan. All right, young designers, let's hurry up and see you at the game! Edit | YOHO! GIRL Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. tape-measure.com

Original title: Introduction to Maurer Expansion Joint Introduction to Maurer expansion joints Modulus expansion joint: It refers to two or more multi-joint expansion devices with the same expansion amount of each single joint and uniform displacement. The expansion joint with the displacement of 160mm-480mm and more than 480mm of Maole expansion joint generally uses Magba expansion joint,bespoken tape measure, which is modular and can be changed in three dimensions. And can meet and adapt to that use of cur bridges,custom tape measure, skew bridge and extra-long span bridges. Maurer expansion joints are modular expansion joints. Expansion joints composed of special-shaped steel beams and unit waterstops are called modular expansion joints. It is suitable for bridge engineering with an expansion of. Technical requirements: 1. The rubber is chloroprene rubber (I.e. CR, retractable tape measure sewing ,seamstress measuring tape, applicable to the area with temperature of -25 ℃ to + 60 ℃) or natural rubber (i.e. NR, applicable to the area with temperature of -40 ℃ to + 60 ℃) 2. Steel plates used in expansion joint The quality shall comply with the provisions of GB012 and GB374, and the profiled steel used (i.e. 16MN or Q345) shall comply with the provisions of JT/T1591. Purchase and storage The purchase and assembly of expansion devices shall be carried out according to the requirements of different models, lengths, types of sealing rubber parts and width during installation proposed in the design drawings. The expansion devices of different brands and models shall be supplied in complete sets by specialized manufacturers. The expansion device shall be assembled in the manufacturer in advance and transported to the construction site after being packed by special equipment. Before leaving the factory, the manufacturer shall fix the assembled expansion device with a fixture according to the installation dimensions required in the drawing, so as to maintain the width required in the drawing and mark the weight and lifting point position respectively. If the combined expansion device is too long due to the limitation of transportation length or other reasons,garment measuring tape, it can be assembled and transported in sections after trial assembly in the factory with the approval of the supervising engineer, but the modular expansion device must be assembled in the factory. The expansion joint materials used for the subdivisional works shall be delivered to the site as planned. When the expansion devices are transported to the site for storage, they shall be padded at least 30cm above the ground and covered with color strip cloth to ensure that they are not damaged and meet the requirements for commencement. Hengchuang Construction Engineering Bridge Expansion Joint Professional Factory Factory Price 18830836050 Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. tape-measure.com

Original title: Shirley is on the hot search again because she doesn't wear underwear? But I got her back this time! La-la-la! Hello, your Fan Fan is online again! Have you noticed that just the day before yesterday, Shirley came again and again with her hot search (as expected, she is a woman who can be on the hot search every year), and this time the topic is her response to why she doesn't wear underwear. In fact, it is not a matter of a day or two for Shirley to go out without wearing underwear, mainly because she herself is also very keen to post pictures on social networking sites. Expand the full text However, for such a behavior of not wearing underwear, many Chinese and Korean netizens have been strongly condemning and even abusing Shirley, and their words are extremely sharp. However, Shirley finally made a response on a program in South Korea. She said it was purely because it was really comfortable not to wear underwear (sisters should feel the same way), but also believed that wearing underwear in the wrong way and the underwire inside could endanger the safety of the body. I have to say, what Shirley said is reasonable, and I am thinking that what she did is what many sisters (I also raised my hand) want to follow in their hearts!!! After all, in this summer with an average temperature of 38 degrees Celsius per day, it is really a great torture for sisters to wear thick underwear. No matter how cool you wear on the outside, you are still sweating on the inside. How about steamed buns stuffed with human meat? ？ The most terrible thing is not only hot, but also tight, especially some fairies, in order to make the chest appear bigger, a little more plump, must wear a small bra, the chest is squeezed stiffly, but this will cause breast ischemia, spasm, causing breast disease. And scientific research also shows that 80% of girls get sick from wearing bras incorrectly, especially if they wear too tight bras for more than 12 hours a day, the risk of breast cancer is more than 20 times higher, and 100 times higher if they sleep at night! Fried chicken is really terrible! That's what I said, but as an ordinary person, it's not realistic to go out without underwear, especially when the clothes are thin in summer, and if they are not careful to bulge, I can't afford the embarrassment of confirming my eyes. So is there any ultra-thin, cool, comfortable and healthy underwear? Today, Fan Fan will introduce to you a Japanese ice silk nude bra, ice silk fabric, cool but not ice, ultra-thin breathable, no underwire 0 bondage, wearing feels like not wearing,bespoken tape measure, can the cool summer be far behind? Ultra-thin ice silk fabric cooling 3 ℃ As a summer style bra, the first thing to consider is, of course, the breathability and moisture absorption of the bra, so as to ensure the comfort of wearing it. This Japanese ice silk nude bra, also known as an aerobic bra, because wearing it, your chest is always breathable all summer, breathing fresh air, just like an aerobic SPA, absolutely not stuffy sweat ~ The imported ice silk fabric, Fan Fan was completely conquered the moment he got it. I couldn't put it down just because of the silky feeling, and there was no discomfort on the skin. Most importantly, that kind of soft and silky touch,large print tape measure, wearing a kind of naked running feeling in silk pajamas vacuum battle, is really cool ~ High-quality ice silk fabric, with strong thermal conductivity, fabric can cool while sweating, so that the actual temperature of the chest is lower than the external environment, so it can always maintain a refreshing feeling of wearing yo. Ice silk fabric with its own cool feeling, is absolutely the most cool summer wear essential! Fan Fan personally tested, although not cold, but this will wear about 3 degrees cooler than the ordinary bra, the chest seems to have its own small air conditioning in general, praise to no good. You think its only advantage is that it feels silky and smooth? No, its whole underwear is very light, weighing only 2 ounces, less than 57 grams, which is only as light as an egg. Especially the hollowed-out mesh design on the back, because there is only a thin layer of ice silk fabric, the hot air can directly penetrate the skin. If the ice silk nude bra and the ordinary bra back fabric are enlarged and compared, the ice silk nude bra on the left side is more refreshing and breathable. Its hygroscopicity is also very good, dripping on the fabric, can be quickly absorbed, sweat more can be quickly discharged, do not accumulate moisture. Put on the cool and breathable Japanese ice silk nude bra, cool and cool for a whole summer. Mom no longer has to worry that I need to endure the hot and humid bra! Japanese ice silk nude bra Original price: 189 yuan Super low special price: 99 yuan/2 pieces! Buy one get one free Light and breathable, ice-like cooling Comfortable without underwire, free from bondage and sultry heat (Limited time offer, while stocks last! Little fairies, poke!) Breathable ice hole thin cup is not stuffy and not exposed Not only the surface ice silk fabric is breathable and cool, but also the removable breast pad is very light and breathable. It contains tens of thousands of breathable ice holes, which can dissipate heat and moisture at any time and anywhere. It is no exaggeration to say that even if a breeze blows, bra measuring tape ,bra tape measure, the chest can feel it. Fan Fan also did a ventilation test, put the coaster on the cup with hot water, you can see the rapid penetration of hot air, without any obstruction, is it visible to the naked eye. And I believe that sisters have experienced that many so-called ultra-thin underwear on the market actually wear a thick layer on the chest behind them, because their thickest parts are about 0.8-1 cm. But this ice silk nude bra has a 3D hand-hold five-finger cup as thin as 0.3cm, which is a real ultra-thin bra. Cut open the coaster, and you can also see that there is a high-quality and healthy white sponge inside, which is very fluffy and soft. There are tens of thousands of breathable holes in the sponge, through which the hot sweat is directly discharged and evaporated. The office girls who were pulled by Fan Fan to do the experience all said that they felt every pore of the chest was opened, and they didn't feel stuffy in the high temperature of more than 30 degrees in summer. When they came home after a day's work, their chest was still very dry, without a trace of sticky feeling, just pick it! Delicate and traceless cutting, 0 pressing and not tight Do the sisters have such distress? Will they be strangled by the bra every day? So the moment you go home and take off your underwear every day is really the feeling of freedom! But this ice silk nude bra uses a one-piece traceless design, 100% seamless, the whole body without a sewing line, no longer afraid of seam friction body ~ No underwire design (this is the key point, to test), underwire tight feeling byebye, protect the delicate skin is not afraid of it, is the type of underwear recommended by gynecologists next door. The elastic shoulder strap has been widened to help disperse the pressure on the shoulder, without slipping or pressing the shoulder. It is full of elasticity and perfectly fits the curve of the human body. There is no such thing as ligature marks. The fabric is also specially added with 38% high stretch spandex, so the whole underwear is very elastic, can be stretched to 2 times the length, 80-130 kg girls can easily wear it, not tight at all. Healthy white sponge coaster can be bent at will, automatically adapt to the chest shape, without pressure. Any girl with breasts can get ~ Japanese ice silk nude bra Original price: 189 yuan Super low special price: 99 yuan/2 pieces! Buy one get one free Light and breathable, ice-like cooling Comfortable without underwire, free from bondage and sultry heat (Limited time offer, while stocks last! Little fairies, poke!) 360 ° scientific gathering close-fitting anti-shake and anti-droop Somebody says: Small bosom need not wear bra, Fan Fan expresses strong protest! ! No matter how small the chest is, even if it is a cup or AA cup, there is the same shaking of the breast. There is a variety show in Japan, which has shown this very vividly. (Weight of A-cup, equivalent to 2 parrots) Especially when running, the shaking of the figure of eight hurts the chest every minute. (What's the matter with a little shame?) Plus the cloth material of the clothes, it is impossible to keep very soft and comfortable all the time. I don't need to say how much damage this kind of friction and shaking will do. In addition, not wearing underwear will aggravate the sagging of the chest. Underwear can tighten the spread or loose breasts, and its support helps to delay the sagging of the breasts. This Japanese ice silk nude bra is designed with 360 ° full containment, such as full cup, elastic shoulder strap and high side ratio. It liberates the breasts of sisters in a healthier way without underwire. It does not need rough squeezing, and the gathering effect can be great. And it uses a detachable 3D hand-holding five-finger cup, which has a good shaping and lifting effect. Wearing it for a long time can effectively shape the chest shape and make the chest high and straight. Increase the side ratio to effectively close the accessory breast, increase the support force of the wide shoulder strap, gather the chest shape with the finger cup, add the points marked in the following figure, adjust and fix the chest fat to the correct position, and the small chest can also be healthy from A-B (here is the real heart ）。 The points marked in the figure below are all designed with the principle of vacuum adsorption to prevent the cup from running, stabilize the fat position, and also close the accessory breast and say goodbye to the outward expansion and sagging. The benefits are not very much. Such a stable and skid-proof design can wrap the chest in all directions, even if it is a large-scale running exercise, the chest will not appear up and down shaking causing chest injury. Whether it's commuting, home, sleeping, sports or yoga, it can perfectly transform into the underwear role you want and protect your breasts anytime and anywhere. Isn't it great? Real Buyer Show Quality Witness This ice silk nude bra has four colors to choose from, light blue, pink full of girlish feeling, skin color, black classic and versatile, there is always one that is your favorite. Underwear as intimate clothing, not only the surface fabric and coaster lining is very important, the overall dyeing process is also the point we must pay attention to, so Fan Fan also carried out a washing test, you can see that underwear repeatedly rubbed in water does not fade. It uses the Japanese pure natural plant printing and dyeing process, the authoritative agency's test report shows that its color fastness is qualified, does not contain formaldehyde and carcinogenic dyes, no odor, mild and does not hurt the skin, so sisters can rest assured to wear it. The girls who have worn it all say it is comfortable! "The fabric is cool, and the thin style is very breathable." "Extremely comfortable and stress-free" "Not tight, not tight, full of elasticity" Real buyer show As a must-have item for girls in summer, Fan Fan really wants to call for its real name, who makes it comfortable and cool, so that you will no longer have the idea of vacuum battle! Japanese Ice Silk Nude Bra Original price: 189 yuan Super low special price: 99 yuan/2 pieces! Buy one, get one free Light and breathable, ice-like cooling Comfortable without underwire, free from bondage and sultry heat (Limited time offer, while stocks last! Little fairies, poke!) Some fairies can't find my small shop, just pull down WeChat, or "discover", "small program", "search small program" and "enough model" in WeChat,personalized tape measure, you can find me! If you have any questions during the purchase process, you can contact the customer service, and they will patiently answer your questions. (Fan Fan Customized Group Purchase) Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. tape-measure.com

Original Title: 0.8 Meters Measured into 1 Meter, can This Tape Measure Be Customized? A length of 0.8 meters may be designated as 1 meter, Such non-standard tape measures are not only sold publicly, And it can be customized? Recently, some netizens issued a decoration reminder on Weibo to guard against the trick of "non-standard tape measure". On January 8, a survey by a reporter from Modern Express found that a few days ago, an e-commerce platform that sold "non-standard tape measures" publicly had been removed from the shelves, but there were still merchants offline who said they could contact the source of goods. Lawyers believe that the production and sale of "non-standard tape measures" are suspected of violating the law. Nanjing Consumer Association reminds consumers that if someone uses non-standard scale fraud, they can call the reporting telephone to reflect. Breaking News: Jiezhuang Construction Should Be Careful, Tape Measure can Also Hide Tricks Blogger Exposes "Non-standard Tape Measure" on the Internet On January 5, interior designer @ Eric Tsui revealed a special tape measure, a non-standard tape measure, on Weibo. This tape measure looks like an ordinary tape measure, but the size of the internal logo is hidden. The actual length of 80 centimeters can be marked as 1 meter. My first reaction after seeing it was that it was specially made for decoration companies, contractors and decoration workers. Eric Tsui said that this kind of ruler is difficult for the owner to find when it is used once in the settlement of additional items, and the quotation will rise by 15-20% compared with the normal price. Expand the full text Non-standard tape can be customized In the decoration industry,keychain tape measure, many designers have heard of this phenomenon. This kind of'non-standard tape measure 'has only appeared in recent years, generally only small decoration companies will use it, mostly for tiling, sealing balconies and other projects with larger measurement sizes. Wang Qian (a pseudonym), a designer who has been engaged in whole-house customization for five years in Nanjing, calculated the account for the reporter of Modern Express: Take a 10-square-meter terrace as an example,mini tape measure, measure it with a ruler of 0.8 meters "changing" 1 meter, the ceiling area will exceed 15 square meters, and the average price of plastic steel doors and windows installation is about 300 yuan per square meter. A terrace has a profit of more than 1000 yuan. This phenomenon has been a few years, to the decoration market has also brought a lot of negative effects. However, as long as we find that the studio uses a similar ruler, we will not cooperate again. Wang Qian reminds the owners who are decorating to prepare tape measures and plans with them, and to pay more attention to the incremental items of work that need to be measured. Visit: Some platforms have been removed from the shelves, and the source of goods can be contacted offline So is there a "non-standard tape measure" on the market, and who is it sold to? Non-standard tape measure sold in an e-commerce platform On January 5, a reporter from Modern Express searched an e-commerce platform and found that there were many shops selling non-standard tape measures. Although this kind of tape can not only complete the "stretching" of 0.8 meters to 1 meter, but also meet the compression of 1.2 meters to 1 meter, printed tape measure ,personalised tailor tape, some businesses still directly call it "error ruler" and "shrinkage ruler", and show the comparison between non-standard tape and national standard ruler in the propaganda, saying: "Can you see which is the national standard without comparison?" Merchant's "Notice" In a shop selling non-standard tape measures, the price of 5-meter-long non-standard tape measures ranges from 20-50 yuan each, while ordinary 5-meter-long tape measures can be bought for only 10 yuan each, and the price difference between the two is obvious. Some merchants gave relevant tips when selling, saying that the purpose of making such tape measures is "special engineering, scientific research, abrasive production, please do not do illegal use". On January 8, when the reporter searched for "non-standard tape measure" on the e-commerce platform again, the platform showed that "no relevant baby was found", but some businesses on other platforms were still selling. Online e-commerce platform sales, offline physical stores? On January 8, the reporter of Modern Express came to Hongyang Home (Maigaoqiao Store) and consulted five hardware shops as buyers. Although none of the shops clearly indicated that they were available for sale, they all heard about the "non-standard tape measure" and one said that they could contact the source of goods. 'Non-standard Tape measure 'is a short meter ruler, which is known in the hardware industry. One of the shopkeepers told Modern Express that compared with ordinary tape measures, the price of non-standard tape measures is much higher or even doubled. Are ordered according to customer demand, certainly expensive ah, generally only small manufacturers will produce. As for whether to worry about being checked, the shopkeeper said: "Who will check this?" Voice: Production, sales and "deliberate use" are all suspected of violating the law Modern Express reporter consulted Nanjing Consumer Association on this issue, a staff member said that if there is a problem like "non-standard tape", consumers can report to the 12315 once they find it. Zhou Xiaodi, a lawyer at Jiangsu Tianxi Law Firm, said that if someone deliberately buys and uses non-standard tape measures to deceive consumers, it violates the Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law and should increase compensation for losses suffered by consumers at their request. The amount of compensation should be three times the price of goods purchased by consumers or the cost of receiving services. If a construction worker uses a non-standard tape, which eventually leads to damage to housing construction or even casualties, the producer, seller and user will be prosecuted for criminal responsibility. Li Xiaoliang, a lawyer of Jiangsu Tongda Law Firm, believes that the production and sale of "non-standard tape measures" violates the relevant provisions of the Metrology Law of the People's Republic of China and is an illegal act, and that both online and offline platforms should bear relevant responsibilities. According to Li Xiaoliang, Articles 14 and 16 of the Metrology Law stipulate that no unit or individual may manufacture, sell or import measuring instruments of non-legal measuring units in violation of the provisions. When using measuring instruments, no person shall be allowed to impair their accuracy, thereby prejudicing the interests of the state and consumers. According to Article 27 of the Metrology Law,custom tailor tape, those who manufacture, sell or use measuring instruments for the purpose of deceiving consumers shall confiscate their measuring instruments and illegal income and impose fines. If the circumstances are serious, the person directly responsible for the individual or unit shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. Source: Modern Express +/ZAKER Nanjing Reporter: Qiu Huayue and Hou Tianhui return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. tape-measure.com